Course Profile   Visual Art, Grade 9 open, Catholic

 

Unit 2

 

Course Profiles are professional development materials designed to help teachers implement the new Grade 9 secondary school curriculum. These materials were created by writing partnerships of school boards and subject associations. The development of these resources was funded by the Ontario Ministry of Education. This document reflects the views of the developers and not necessarily those of the Ministry. Permission is given to reproduce these materials for any purpose except profit. Teachers are also encouraged to amend, revise, edit, cut, paste, and otherwise adapt these materials for educational purposes.

Any references in this document to particular commercial resources, learning materials, equipment, or technology reflect only the opinions of the writers of this sample Course Profile, and do not reflect any official endorsement by the Ministry of Education or by the Partnership of School Boards that supported the production of the document.

 

© Queen's Printer for Ontario

 

Acknowledgments

 

Lead Board

Wellington Catholic District School Board/Toronto Catholic District School Board

Don Drone, Ann Perron, Project Managers

 

Course Profile Writing Team

Ann Perron, (lead writer) Toronto Catholic District School Board

Darlyn Burroughs, Brant Catholic District School Board

Kitty Strite-Gatto, Waterloo Catholic District School Board

Mary Humphries, Wellington Catholic District School Board

Anne Schnurr, Wellington Catholic District School Board

Nancy Valerio, Toronto Catholic District School Board

Gloria Yeo, Sault Ste. Marie Catholic District School Board

 

Anapaula DaCosta, Publications Department, Toronto Catholic District School Board

 

The developers are appreciative of the suggestions and comments from teachers who worked through The Ontario Curriculum Clearinghouse and the teachers who provided input through internal review process. The writing team also is appreciative of the many individuals from our respective school boards who provided support that allowed us to meet our objectives.

We also appreciate the leadership and the central role the following organizations played in the co-ordination of Catholic Profiles for Catholic teachers in Ontario:

Catholic Curriculum Cooperative of Central Ontario (CCCC)

and the

Institute for Catholic Education (ICE)

 

Unit 2:  Painting: Learning The Language Of Colour

 

Activity 1˝Activity 2˝Activity 3˝Activity 4˝Activity 5˝Activity 6

Time:  23 hours

Development Date:  June 1999

Unit Description

Students are challenged to explore colour theory and painting techniques. They begin to understand how artists use colour to effectively communicate ideas. Students respond to a variety of issues (e.g., social, ecological, personal) through their own artwork and through reflection on historical and contemporary art. Students understand and apply their knowledge of colour theory to effectively communicate their own ideas through tempera, watercolour, and oil pastels. Approaches to mixed media and a variety of paper surfaces are also explored.

Strand(s) and Expectations

Ontario Catholic School Graduate Expectations:  CGE 1d, 2e, 3c, 3e, 4f, 5e, 5g, 7b, 7f, 7g, and 7i.

Strand(s):  Theory, Creation, and Analysis

Overall Expectations:  VTV.01X, .02X, .03X; VCV.01X, .02X, .03X, .04X, .05X; VAV.01X, .02X, 03X.

Specific Expectations:  VT1.01X, .02X; VT2.02X; VT3.02X, .03X; VC2.02X, .06X; VC3.01X, .02X, .03X; VA1.01X, .02X, .04X; VA2.01X, .02X, .03X.

Activity Titles (Time + Sequence)

Activity 1

Artists Use Colour

120 minutes

Activity 2

Colour Theory

180 minutes

Teacher may choose three of the following four activities

Activity 3

Colour Interpretations

360 minutes

Activity 4

Colour Reveals Form

360 minutes

Activity 5

Colour Reveals Personality

360 minutes

Activity 6

Exploring Mixed Media

360 minutes

Planning Notes

The teacher

·         assembles necessary materials and tools (e.g., paint, brushes, palettes, water containers, papers, sponges, newspapers, oil pastels);

·         assembles contemporary and historical art images (e.g., in reproductions, slides, and books) appropriate to color theory and chosen themes;

·         organizes the studio classroom for efficient working space and storage of ongoing and finished paintings.

Prior Knowledge Required

Students:

·         have an elementary understanding of colour theory, elements, and principles of design from the Grade 8 Visual Arts expectations of The Ontario Curriculum;

·         are able to identify strengths and areas for improvement in their own works;

·         know that effective use of colour theory, as it applies to painting, comes with practice.

Teaching/Learning Strategies

1.       The teacher:

·         reviews the knowledge and skills related to painting and colour theory from Grade 8 Visual Arts expectations in  The Ontario Curriculum;

·         demonstrates painting techniques as well as maintenance of brushes, use of palette, position of painting surface;

·         provides group and individual instruction as required;

·         directs conference, critique, and self-evaluation activities;

·         presents images (e.g., in reproductions, slides, books) appropriate to colour theory and chosen themes;

·         presents examples from and elicits discussion about paintings (from historical to contemporary);

·         plans accommodations and resources for special needs students;

·         whenever possible, invites local artists to discuss their work and careers.

2.   Students:

·         research and analyse independently and in small groups;

·         create independently and in small groups;

·         participate in self and peer evaluations;

·         display artwork in school (outside of class space) and critique orally the value of that space and impact of wider viewing audience on location;

·         present artwork in classroom exhibition.

Assessment/Evaluation

·         Technique Log, quiz

·         Self-rubric

·         verbal feedback, conferencing

·         self-, peer-, and teacher-evaluation

·         exhibition

Resources

Images in reproductions, slides, books appropriate to colour theory and chosen themes

Various materials (e.g., tempera or watercolour paint, variety of papers, oil pastels), tools (e.g., brushes, palettes, water containers) and objects (discarded or recycled objects, artifacts) appropriate to chosen themes

Books

Brommer, Gerald and Nancy K Kinne. Exploring Painting. Worcester, Massachusetts: Davis Publishing, 1995. ISBN871922878

Carbonetti, Jeanne. The Zen of Creative Painting. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1998. ISBN0823059731

Chapman, Laura. A World of Images. Worcester, Massachusetts: Davis Publishing, 1992. ISBN 0871922304

Cumming, Robert. Annotated Art: The World's Greatest Paintings Explored and Explained. Niagara Falls: Sax Canada.

Dunn, Charles. Conversations in Paint. ISBN 156305664X

Etter, Howard and Margot Malmstrom. Perspective for Painters. ISBN 0823039994

Harrison, Hazel. Acrylic School A Practical Guide to Painting with Acrylic. New York: Quarto Publishing, 1997. ISBN 0276422961

Hobbs, Jack and Richard Salome. The Visual Experience. Worcester, Massachusetts: Davis Publishing, 1995. ISBN 871922916

Hurwitz, Al. The Gifted and Talented in Art. 1983. ISBN 087192143X

Johnston. Creating Textures in Watercolour. ISBN 0891344179

Katchen, Carole. 200 Great Painting Ideas for Artists. North Light Books. ISBN 0891347992

MacGregor, Ron. Canadian Art Building a Heritage. Scarborough: Prentice Hall, 1987.
ISBN 0131130102

Mittler, Gene. Art in Focus. Mission Hills, California: Glencoe Publishing, 1989.

ISBN 0026622718

Qualley, Charles A. Safety in the Artroom. Worcester, Massachusetts: Davis Publishing, 1986. ISBN 087192174X

Rossol, Monona. The Artist's Complete Health and Safety Guide. New York: Allworth Press, 1990. ISBN 0927629100

Roukes, Nicholas. Art Synectics Stimulating Creativity in Art. Worcester, Massachusetts: Davis Publishing, Inc. 1982. ISBN 0871921510

Smith, Annie. Getting Into Art History. Toronto: Barn Press, 1993. ISBN 969695306

Sturgis, Alexander. Optical Illusions in Art: Or Discover How Paintings Aren't Always What they Seem. Sterling Publishing, 1996. ISBN 08069135X

Topal, Cathie W. Children and Painting. Worcester, Massachusetts: Davis Publishing, 1992. ISBN 087192241X

Wolfe, Rachel. Painting the Many Moods of Light. Cinncinatti, Ohio: North Light Books, 1999. ISBN 0891348794

Videos

A&E Biography: Leonardo Da Vinci 1997. ASIN B000006Q10

A&E Biography: Michelangelo 1997. ASIN 6303501087

Degas: Beyond Impressionism 1998. ASIN 0780019393

The Definitive Dali 1986. ASIN 6301192664

Impressionists on the Seine 1997. ASIN 0780020561

Matisse 1987. ASIN 03742901633

Mondrian 1988. ASIN 6302946441

Monet: The Legacy of Light 1989. ASIN 630307599

Munch: Frieze of Life 1992. ASIN 0780019113

Norman Rockwell 1973. ASIN 6302996023

Picasso and His Time 1999. ASIN 630291955X

Portrait of an Artist: Roy Lichtenstein 1999. ASIN 630310861X

Rembrandt and His Paints 1995. ASIN 085432053

Miro: The Catalan Master.

Exploring Colour Workshop Vol. 1 Basic Colour Mixing Sax Canada.

Elements and Principles of Design Sax Canada.

Other

The following posters and reproductions are available from Sax Canada:

"Watercolour Posters" 1997.

"Elements and Principles of Design" 1995.

"Canadian Artists Survey" 1999.

Shorewood Art Prints, Series 100, 200, 300.

CD-ROMs

The following CD-ROMs are available from Sax Canada, Niagara Falls. Numbers denote supplier’s numbers.

Artrageous 1995 Softkey Multimedia 588-195H.

Paul Cezanne Films for Humanities 588-949H.

Escher Interactive Harry Abrams 587-300H.

Ideas and Inspirations Tyndal Stone Media 588-346H.

Mystery Magritte Harry Abrams 588-832H.

Michelangelo Films for Humanities 588-948H.

Raphael: Artist for the Vatican Films for Humanities 588-950H.

Impressionism Films for Humanities 588-956H.

Vincent Van Gogh Revisited Films for Humanities 588-947H.

 

Activity 1:  Artists Use Colour

 

Time:  120 minutes

Description

In this introductory activity, the student explores the use of colour by various historically relevant and contemporary artists and examines how the work may reflect artist's personal expression, opinions, religious views, politics, or social commentary. This information is then applied to student planning for his or her own painting activities. Students also begin a personal collection of items to be used for subject matter in subsequent painting activities.

Strand(s) and Expectations

Ontario Catholic School Graduate Expectations:

The graduate:

CGE2e - uses and integrates the Catholic faith tradition, in the critical analysis of the arts, media technology and information systems to enhance the quality of life;

CGE3e - adopts a holistic approach to life by integrating learning from various subject areas and experience;

CGE7g - respects and understands the history, cultural heritage and pluralism of today's contemporary society;

CGE7i - respects the environment and uses resources wisely.

Strand(s):  Theory, Analysis

Overall Expectations:

VTV.01X - apply an understanding of the Elements and Principles of Design to personal, historical and contemporary artworks;

VAV.02X - explain, through critical analysis, the function (e.g., political, religious, social) of their own artworks and those of other cultures;

VAV.03X - demonstrate an understanding of connections between art and culture identity or context.

Specific Expectations:

VT2.02X - identify, research, and describe visual characteristics and themes found in Canadian and other cultures art;

VA1.04X - explain how artistic intentions are expressed in specific examples of historical and student’s artworks;

VA2.03X - demonstrate an understanding that the function of art may vary from culture to culture.

Planning Notes

·         Assemble a variety of reproductions or slides that demonstrate how artists reflect upon personal impressions and the communication of ideas.

Prior Knowledge Required

·         Understanding of Elements and Principles of Design from The Ontario Curriculum, Grade 8, Visual Arts expectations.

Teaching/Learning Strategies

1.   The teacher:

·         selects and shows six to ten examples through slides or reproductions of paintings that reflect an artist/painter's personal world view, with particular emphasis on the effect of chosen colours (e.g., Kurelek's "Nativity 1965 We Find All Kinds of Excuses"; Matisse's "Red Studio";  Dali's "The Persistence of Memory"; Chagall's "I and the Village"; O'Keefe's "Red Poppies"; Van Gogh's "Starry Night"; Tom Thomson "Moose at Night"; Emily Carr's "Blunden Harbour"; Norval Morriseau's "Windigo";  Varley's "Liberation"; Mary Pratt's "Split Grisle"; Colville's "Horse and Train"; Graham Coughtry's "Two Figures", Mary Cassatt's "Mother and Child"; Warhol's "Campbell's Soup Cans");

·         directs a class discussion to include how professional artists used specific elements (e.g., colour, texture) and principles (e.g., balance, unity) of design to enhance the effectiveness of their message.

2.   Students:

·         demonstrate, through group discussion, pair/share, or brief presentations to their peers, an understanding of the various roles, techniques, and colour used by artists to reflect their personal, political or social views.

3.   The teacher:

·         explains the themes and purposes of all teacher chosen painting activities in this unit (Activities 3, 4, 5, or 6) and the dates that each activity begins. This assists students in their own planning;

·         explains that students, individually or in small groups, need to collect items to be used as the subject matter of their subsequent paintings in each activity;

·         stresses that each student can also use specific elements, especially colour, and principles (learned in Grade 8 and reinforced in this course) when looking ahead and planning for their own paintings (Activities 3, 4, 5, 6).

4.       Students:

·         discuss, in small groups, the subject matter and purposes of chosen painting activities in this unit (suggest various objects and items which would be appropriate to collect as subject matter for each of their paintings). Students concentrate on items that have had significance for them personally (Activity 3, 4, 5) or for our society and culture as a whole (Activity 3, 4, 6);

·         in groups, decide on a strategy and plan for insuring that a collection of items (either for and by each individual or for small groups) is collected in preparation for further painting activities (Activities 3, 4, 5, 6);

·         prepare a brief list of items (e.g., sport equipment, favourite books/poems, advertising packaging, election memorabilia, personal religious items, photographs, etc.) that each student is responsible for bringing into class on a given due date. This could take the form of a simple group-created rubric.

Accommodations

·         View and collect photos and images (instead of actual objects and items) from contemporary mass media on specific themes (environmental, social, political, ethical) to be used in Activities 3, 4, 5, or 6.

·         Students could and should meet for five minutes periodically throughout the unit to ensure that their collection of objects is updated and ready when needed.

Assessment/Evaluation

·         brief presentation to and conferencing with peers VAV.03X, VT2.02X, VA1.04X

·         student/teacher conference VA2.03X

Resources

Variety of appropriate slides or reproductions of master paintings and contemporary images.

See additional resources list in unit introduction.

Books

Carbonetti, Jeanne. The Zen of Creative Painting. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1998.

Chapman, Laura. The World of Images. Worcester, Massachusetts: Davis Publishing, 1992.

Hobbs and Salome. The Visual Experience. Worcester, Massachusetts: Davis Publishing, 1995.

MacGregor, Ron. Canadian Art Building A Heritage. Scarborough: Prentice-Hall, 1987.

Mittler, Gene. Art in Focus. Mission Hills, California: Glencoe Publishing, 1989.

Smith, Annie. Getting into Art History. Toronto: Barn Press, 1993.

 

Activity 2:  Colour Theory

 

Time:  180 minutes

Description

In this activity, students become knowledgeable about colour theory through exploration with mixing colour using tempera, watercolour, or acrylic paints. Students become familiar with colour theory concepts and become more confident in their ability to produce the desired colours or colour scheme.

Strand(s) and Expectations

Ontario Catholic School Graduate Expectations:

The graduate:

CGE3c - thinks reflectively and creatively to evaluate situations and solve problems;

CGE4f - applies effective communication, decision-making, problem-solving, time and resource management skills;

CGE5g - achieves excellence, originality, and integrity in one's own work and supports these qualities in the work of others.

Strand(s):  Creation

Overall Expectations:

VCV.02X - apply the Elements and Principles of Design;

VCV.04X - apply the creative process (e.g., perception, exploration, experimentation, production, and evaluation) in their work.

Specific Expectations:

VC2.02X - demonstrate an understanding of materials, basic skills, and concepts in painting;

VC3.01X - use appropriate art vocabulary related to materials, processes, and technologies.

Planning Notes

·         Assemble a variety of reproductions or slides from historical artworks to contemporary Canadian and non-Canadian artworks that demonstrate various colour schemes using various paint media.

·         Prepare colour charts that, when painted by the students, increase their knowledge of appropriate colour theory and how to mix colours.

Prior Knowledge Required

·         understanding of colour theory from Grade 8 Visual Arts expectations

·         understanding that effective, painted application of colour theory comes with practice

Teaching/Learning Strategies

1.   The teacher:

·         selects and shows six to ten examples through slides or reproductions of paintings that reflect various colour schemes (e.g., Matisse's "Red Studio"; Monet's "Rouen Cathedral" series; A.Y. Jackson's "Barnes"; Demuth's "I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold"; Frank Carmichael's "Mirror Lake"; Magritte's "Time Transfixed"; Dali's "Last Supper");

·         distributes blank colour charts (e.g., Appendix M) and a blank 12 or 24 colour wheel that students paint;

·         organizes and explains classroom routines for the most efficient distribution of supplies (e.g., paints, brushes, water containers) and cleanup procedures;

·         briefly reviews and explains the terms from the colour charts: hue, chroma/intensity, high (light) and low (dark) colour values, tints, shades, monochromatic, analogous, complementary colours, split complementary, warm colours, cool colours, transparent, opaque, primary, secondary, tertiary/intermediate, neutrals;

·         provides only red, yellow, blue, black, and white paint from which all other colours are mixed;

·         reviews and charts (if required) the colour formula for effective mixing.

2.   Students:

·         complete colour wheel and charts that reflect all appropriate colour theory and terminology above. Most students usually accomplish this in 1.5 to 2 hours;

·         attach completed charts to their notebook or sketchbook for future reference;

·         have an understanding of colour theory application and confidence in their ability to mix colours for subsequent painting activities.

Accommodations

·         Colour wheel and charts could be completed using coloured pencil crayon blending techniques, but only red, yellow blue, black, and white pencil crayons should be used to mix all other colours.

·         Students could make a colour wheel and charts expressing other qualities of colour by collecting cut pieces of colour from magazines and gluing them onto the colour wheel and charts. This might require more time than the three hours allotted.

·         Similar colour wheels and charts could be created by students and painted within their sketchbook to keep handy for future reference.

·         Students who complete their charts early could experiment with various color schemes (e.g., complementary colors, warm colors, and tints) on simple compositions in preparation for next activities or analyse the color schemes of their favorite commercial advertisements.

Assessment/Evaluation

·         Color theory quiz VC2.02X (See Appendix - N Color Theory Quiz)

·         Peer-assessment of completed color theory charts VCV.02X

·         Student/ teacher conference VC3.01X

Resources

Color charts for painting that express all qualities of color to be studied (see Appendix: M Qualities of Color).

Variety of appropriate slides or reproductions of master paintings that demonstrate the use of various colors schemes.

Video

Exploring Colour Workshop Vol. 1 Basic Colour Mixing

Posters

“Elements and Principles of Design”

"Watercolour Posters"

"Sherwood Art prints, Series 100,200,300"

See resource list in unit introduction for detailed list of additional resources.

 

Activity 3:  Colour Interpretations

 

Time:  360 minutes

Description

This activity develops an understanding of colour as found in the natural Canadian landscape or cityscape in different seasons or weather conditions and the mood created by various colour schemes. Students extend their knowledge of various artists’ interpretative use of colour, the possible emotional/spiritual effect of colour on the viewer, and develop their own colour blending techniques.

Strand(s) and Expectations

Ontario Catholic School Graduate Expectations:

The graduate:

CGE3c - thinks reflectively and creatively to evaluate situations and solve problems;

CGE4f - applies effective communication, decision-making, problem solving, time and resource management skills;

CGE5g - achieves excellence, originally and integrity in one's own work and supports these qualities in the work of others;

CGE7i - respects the environment and uses resources wisely.

Strand(s):  Theory, Creation, Analysis

Overall Expectations:

VTV.01X - apply an understanding of the Elements and Principles of Design to personal, historical, and contemporary artworks;

VCV.01X - use materials and processes to create art objects that express their intent;

VAV.01X - apply a framework of critical analysis to their own and acknowledged artworks through participation in a variety of art-viewing strategies.

Specific Expectations

VT1.02X - understand and apply the Elements and Principles of Design as expressive components in their personal creative works;

VT3.02X - describe how some of their own studio activities are influenced by historical artworks;

VC2.02X - demonstrate an understanding of materials, basic skills and concepts in painting;

VA1.02X - describe the materials used and steps followed in the creation of a particular artwork;

VA1.04X - explain how artistic intentions are expressed in specific examples of historical and student’s artworks.

Planning Notes

Teacher assembles the following:

·         a variety of Canadian landscapes, cityscapes or paintings of the environment (e.g., see the paintings by the following artists: Tom Thomson, J-P Lemieux, Emily Carr, Alex Colville, Molly Bobak, David Milne; Peggy McLeod/Maurice Cullen);

·         media: tempera on manila tag/paper; acrylic on manila tag, pressboard or masonite panels; oil pastels on coloured construction paper;

·         tools: brushes, palettes, water containers, sponges, and drawings tools.

Prior Knowledge Required

·         basic understanding of Elements and Principles of Design (e.g., colour theory, harmony)

·         understanding that colour can unify an artistic composition.

·         knowledge that effective use of design principles contributes to an artwork's ability to convey ideas

·         images created in drawing unit

Teaching/Learning Strategies

1.   The teacher:

·         reviews student knowledge based on the Grade 8 Visual Arts expectations related to painting;

·         using reproductions or slides, introduces a variety of famous Canadian landscape, cityscape or environmental images by a variety of artists (e.g., Molly Bobak's "Fredericton"; A.Y.Jackson's "Grey Day, Laurentians"; Lismer's "My Garden, John Street, Thorhill"; Lawren Harris' "Red House and Yellow Sleigh"; FitzGerald's "Doc Snider's House"; Maurice Cullen's "Cape Diamond"; Colville's "Family and Rain Storm"; Krieghoff's "The Habitant's Home"; Mary Reid's "Willows"; Tom Thomson, David Milne's "Haystack"; images by Tony Onley, Ted Harrison, Emily Carr, Jean-Paul Lemieux);

·         challenges the students to imagine the different emotional reactions of the viewer if these painted images were based on different seasons or under different weather conditions (e.g., Monet's "Rouen Cathedral" or "Haystacks"; Group of Seven summer, autumn and winter paintings);

·         discusses the term triptych.

2.   Students:

·         create line drawings, stressing simple shapes and lines for the basic composition, of a natural or human-made environment in their own community (e.g., landscapes, cityscapes, or detailed drawings of their homes or rooms) or refer to similar completed images from their drawing journals;

·         as an alternative, use a viewfinder to isolate a close-up detail (not the entire work) of a famous Canadian landscape painting (e.g., any work by Tom Thomson, A.Y. Jackson, Lawren Harris, Tony Onley, Emily Carr, David Milne, Alex Colville, etc.);

·         either using their own created line-image or the close-up detail of a famous Canadian painting, duplicate that same image three times on identical surfaces (e.g., manila tag, masonite, cartridge paper) no larger than 11"x14";

·         complete three paintings of the chosen image in three different seasons or weather conditions using a specific colour scheme to achieve the effect (e.g., warm or cool colours, analogous colours, tints);

·         display their own completed paintings as a triptych;

·         in groups, discuss the emotion or mood created by the various colour schemes chosen by individual classmates within each trypdict.

Accommodations

·         Alternative media (e.g., oil pastels, chalk, crayons on coloured construction paper; pencil crayon on cartridge; coloured modelling clay mixed on cardboard) can be substituted but colour mixing (using only red, blue, yellow, black, and white) must be stressed.

·         Classmates, assistants or peer helpers could assist special needs students in sustained use of media that require fine motor skills.

Assessment/Evaluation

·         self-rubric VT1.02X

·         verbal feedback VC2.02X

·         conferencing by students, peers, and teacher to assist in procedures

·         Technique Log to record procedures VA1.02X, VT3.02X

·         classroom presentations/exhibition VAV.01X, VT3.02X

Resources

Appropriate media (e.g., paint, oil pastels, papers), materials (e.g., brushes, palettes, water containers) and studio work space and storage areas for ongoing and completed projects.

Variety of coloured slides and/or reproductions of Canadian and other master paintings and contemporary coloured images.

Books

Brommer, Gerald. Exploring Painting. Worcester, Mass.: Davis Publishing, 1995.

Chapman, Laura. A World of Images. Worcester, Massachusetts: Davis Publications, Inc. 1992.

Katchen, Carole. 200 Great Painting Ideas for Artists. Cinncinati, Ohio: North Light Books, 1998.

MacGregor, Ron. Canadian Art Building A Heritage. Scarborough: Prentice Hall, 1987.

Reid. Dennis. A Concise History of Canadian Painting. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Wolfe, Rachel. Painting the Many Moods of Light. Cinncinati, Ohio: North Light Books, 1999.

 

Activity 4:  Colour Mixing Reveals Form

 

Time: